Oscar-nominated documentary filmmaker Kirby Dick talks about choosing subjects, casting a documentary and whether to make a fundraising trailer.
The academy award nominated film maker gives his thoughts on: how to choose subjects for your documentary; whether or not to make a Fundraising Trailer; and the “secret” that he thinks is indispensible advice to all documentary filmmakers, especially new ones.
Stephanie Hubbard: How do you choose your characters for your documentaries?
Kirby Dick: That is a very good question. Your subject is one of the top two or three most important elements of a documentary. First of all, it’s good if the potential subject likes the camera. It’s good if they play to the camera and if they like to be filmed. Certainly I’ve had situations where someone seems fine, but once you start shooting, they become reluctant in front of the camera. So if you start with someone who is naturally an extrovert that really helps.
Of course it is important to choose a subject that relates to what you want to say. As a filmmaker, you want a character whose story is iconic – that has a story that captures all the permutations of the issue you are exploring.
It’s also very important to have someone who is sympathetic as a person – because audiences identify with main character very intensely. Though often you can calibrate this in the edit room. When I started looking at the footage of Tony Comes, the primary subject in “Twist of Faith”, I noticed that he cried a lot. He was very sensitive and he was going through a lot, even so, I was worried that he might be perceived as a cry baby. I addressed this in the film by cutting just before he started crying, so that we could feel the emotion but didn’t see the crying. So when in the film he actually did cry it was much more powerful. It’s almost always effective, if at some point during the film, your main character does break down, but their emotional arc needs to be calibrated otherwise – at least in this case – people might otherwise turn away from him.
SH: I have a student who is considering several people within the world of her documentary. What is the best way for her to determine who would be best to make her main character?
Kirby Dick: She should go shoot them all.
It’s a good idea to just shoot anyone who could be a main character because you never know what story is going to develop into something that becomes the spine of the film. For example, you might have one potential subject more charismatic than the other, but the other one’s mother dies, or they break up with their partner. Ultimately these could be things that are going to make them a better character.
So, this is how I would proceed: first of all just go shoot all these people. Shoot them in situations, for a day or a half day. You learn a lot from them by shooting them in a half day. You’ll impress them just by showing up with a camera, and it can even be your own little consumer camera. And they’ll start to tell you things on camera. And whatever they won’t tell you on camera they will tell you immediately afterwards, so you’ll learn things about them which will help inform which character to follow.
You might even end up using some of that footage in the film. And then, of course you’ll be able to review the footage, and show it to others to get their input and help you make the decision.
If they are out of state, then you get on the phone talk with them, get a feel if they are eager. In the case of Tony, he really wanted to do the film. When I met him he asked me if I paid subjects. I told him no, and he said, “That’s good because I don’t want anyone to think I did this for financial reasons.” So I knew we had the right guy.
SH: What about approaching the “Villain” or antagonist of the story. Any suggestions?
Kirby Dick: Don’t assume the antagonist won’t talk. Even though they might be suspicious or not want to do it, often they will want to talk if they can get their point of view in the film. I’ve even found that they often don’t mind being attacked because it builds their credibility with their own base.
One way to approach them is to let them know you want to tell two sides of the story. Surprisingly people seem more open if you are a student or recently graduated – always try – I’ve often been surprised at who says yes.
SH: What is the best way to approach a potential subject?
Kirby Dick: What works best is to be sincere and very knowledgeable. Be willing to deal with any reticence and be clear that they don’t have to answer any questions they don’t want to.
SH: Do you try to let potential subjects know all the hardships of being a subject up front – or do you let them discover that for themselves?
Kirby Dick: Well, ease into it. Of course don’t lie, but the fact is most subjects have no idea what they are getting into –but typically, as an extrovert they enjoy it.
It’s very exciting to be the subject of the documentary, being followed around. Suddenly everything they do is of interest. Being the subject of a documentary is a very special experience. Sometimes when it’s over, there can be a feeling of “Where’s my crew?”
Sometimes, when you encounter a problem with your subject, like exhaustion, it’s on you the filmmaker to help them pull through for the film, to let them know, “We only want to make this film as good as possible.” Or “We want to get this film into Sundance.” (laughs) that works a lot.
Of course, have the release signed before you start shooting. Not after. Otherwise, it can be very awkward.
SH: Do you have any other suggestions?
Kirby Dick: Yes. Start shooting before you have money. Don’t wait for grants and funding – go out with a friend – get a camera and radio mikes and just start. There are a lot of reasons for this: (1.) You get footage to raise money. (2.) You learn if you actually want to make this film. (3.) You get the story started earlier so you get a longer arc and the film has more drama. That’s helpful even if you only get to shoot your subject once every three months, because a lot of very important things can happen to them during that time. And (4.) After you’ve shot, do some initial editing of the material. This will inform you how to approach future shoots and you’ll be better prepared.
Okay, and one other BIG thing: Go through a screening process in the editing stage. So many people just do not do this, and it’s so helpful: When you get your film to a second or third rough cut you should start to have screenings. Invite people over, give them snacks. Then they watch the film, and afterwards tell them you’d like them to respond to any and every element of the film. Begin by letting people speak. If they turn to you and ask your intention, defer that by asking if others in the group share the commentator’s opinion. You don’t want people’s response to your intention – you want their response to what they’ve seen.
After about 45 minutes, I start asking questions I’ve prepared in advance – whether they like the music, if they like certain minor characters. Do they understand a specific comment made by someone in the film – and as I go through this list it opens up further discussion.
We did this 14 times with “Twist of Faith” and I just did it 8 times with “Outrage”.
You can use as few as 2 people but it’s better to use 5 or more – but generally no more than 15. And I have different people for each screening.
By doing this I can find out if a major character is working. If everyone in a room says they really don’t like a particular character I would probably try to remove that character for the next screening and see how the film played. It’s possible to save yourself 10’s of thousands of dollars on editing time, and make a better film this way. The less experienced you are the more important it is to do it. I do it on every film.
Also, start editing very early in the process, while you’re shooting – you’ll see how well you are covering the subject matter in your shooting. I always start cutting while I’m shooting.
SH: I see a lot of people making trailers to raise money. What’s your opinion on this?
Kirby Dick: In general unless you know how to make a trailer – you should probably just start cutting the film. I usually discourage people from making fund raising trailers. Particularly if they are inexperienced filmmakers they won’t get money based on trailer. So that’s my last suggestion: Just start cutting your film. Start shooting it, and cutting it. And don’t be discouraged. Making documentaries is hard. Don’t give up easily.
Since completing her master’s in Film and Television Writing and Production, Stephanie Hubbard worked on nearly 50 films or television episodes serving as editor, director, co-producer or writer. Her editing work has been shown on PBS, History Channel, Court TV, and the Discovery Channel. Films she has written have been screened at the Sundance Film Festival and won best in fests around the country.
www.thedocumentaryinsider.com
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